Horizon 2 Robotics
A humanoid robot is a mineral order form.
Nineteen subsystems. Roughly twenty elements. Pull the machine apart and every joint resolves into ground that somebody has to hold. This is the exploded view, and this is honestly where we sit against each line of it.
Turn the machine, pull it apart, click any component, or filter the whole robot by a single mineral. Nothing here is a resource statement. It is a search image, which is a different and earlier thing.
Interactive
The exploded view
Drag to turn the model and scroll to zoom. Run the slider from assembled to exploded. Click a component to see what it is made of and whether we hold ground for it, or pick a mineral to light up every place in the machine it appears.
A real-time 3D model, built to the subsystem breakdown below rather than copied from any manufacturer. Proportions and part shapes are representative. If your browser cannot run WebGL, the Schematic button gives the same nineteen components as a flat diagram, which is also the keyboard route through them.
How to read the four tiers. "Ground held" means we have lodged an application over ground selected for that mineral. "Co-target" means our ground is the right geological style to carry it and we intend to assay for it, but we have not yet done so and we make no claim that it is there. "Search image" means it is on our list and we are building the targeting method, with no tenure behind it. "Not pursued" means it is a real robot input and we have no position and are not looking.
Mass balance
What one robot eats
Per-unit material intensity for a 50 to 90 kg humanoid. Provenance is marked on every row, because the difference between a published figure and an indicative one matters more than the figure.
| Material | kg per unit | Principally in | Provenance | Our position |
|---|
Published = stated by a named third party. Derived = arithmetic on a published figure, with the step shown. Indicative = order of magnitude only, no source, shown so the component is not silently missing.
Aluminium, copper, battery-metal and rare-earth ranges after CRU Group, "The next commodity battleground: humanoid robots" (2025). Bill-of-materials shares after Morgan Stanley teardown estimates of a Tesla Optimus Gen 2 class robot as reported publicly. Actuator counts and torque classes after Tesla AI Day presentations. Tesla has not published a bill of materials, a schematic or a service manual for Optimus; every cost and mass figure on this page is third-party estimate or our own derivation.
Provenance
Where the numbers came from
| Source | What it gives | What it cannot support |
|---|---|---|
| Tesla AI Day presentations Manufacturer, spec level |
Actuator architecture: six unique designs, three rotary reducers at 20, 110 and 180 Nm, three linear actuators at 500, 3,900 and 8,000 N. Roughly 28 structural actuators, 11 degrees of freedom per hand on Gen 2, a 2.3 kWh 52 V pack, about 57 kg. | Any parts list, cost, supplier or material mass. Tesla has published no bill of materials and no schematic. |
| Morgan Stanley teardown Analyst estimate |
Subsystem cost shares totalling about USD 55,000: hands 17.2 per cent, waist and pelvis 14.2, thigh 13.2, calf 13.2, feet 12.2, elbow 4.7, forearm 3.9, head 3.8, shoulder 3.8, upper arm 2.0, battery pack 0.5. | Material masses. Cost share is not mass share, and the battery is a striking example: half a per cent of cost, several kilograms of metal. |
| CRU Group Commodity research |
Per-unit intensity ranges: aluminium 17 to 25 kg, copper 4 to 8 kg, battery metals 4 to 8 kg, rare earth elements 1 to 2 kg, on a 50 to 90 kg unit. | A split of the rare-earth figure into individual elements, which is where all the value sits. We derive that split and mark it as derived. |
| Open-source humanoids Full published hardware |
Actual bills of materials with part numbers, quantities and prices. Berkeley Humanoid Lite (arXiv 2504.17249, about USD 5,000, full CAD and firmware). HuggingFace LeRobot Humanoid (Apache-2.0, about USD 2,636 as at April 2026). iCub and Poppy, both long-published open hardware. | Commercial-scale material intensity. These are 3D-printed research platforms with hobby-grade actuators, so their material mix is not a proxy for a production humanoid. |
We publish the sources because the honest answer to "what is in a humanoid robot" is that nobody who builds one commercially has told us. The parts list above is assembled from spec sheets, analyst teardowns and open-source machines, and it should be read at that confidence.
The Honest Footnote
Our own demand work says robots are noise for copper, aluminium and battery metals through 2031. At credible unit volumes the only mineral a humanoid genuinely moves is the magnet feed, neodymium and praseodymium, with dysprosium and terbium where joints run hot.
That is precisely the line where our position is least proven. Our historic screens keyed on lanthanum, cerium and yttrium, the cheap end of the basket. Praseodymium is not yet reported across the portfolio, and dysprosium and terbium have never been measured on our best positions. Full-suite assay is now a standing rule for exactly that reason. Until those numbers exist, the rare-earth column on this page is a search image and nothing more.
All seventeen Queensland applications are applications. None is granted. There is no mineral resource, no ore reserve and no JORC public report behind anything shown here.